회색 및 흑색선전을 전달하는 매개 매체는 그 배후에 미 중앙정보부나 미국 정부가 있는지 인지하지 못할 수도 있습니다. 일정부분 그렇게 하는 것이 더 효과적일 수 있고, 돌아가는 사정을 아는 인원수를 최소화할 수 있어 진짜 배후를 노출할 위험을 줄일 수 있습니다. 따라서 논설위원, 정치인, 사업가, 그리고 다른 사람들은 해당 선전 사례의 배후에 있는 주인이 누구인지 꼭 알지 못하더라도 선전물을 제작할 수 있고, 심지어 돈 때문에 할 수도 있습니다. 그들 중 몇몇은 분명히 그럴 것이고, 그래서 기관 용어로는 '인지 상태' 에이전트와 '불인지 상태' 에이전트 사이 구분이 있습니다.
다른 모든 심리 및 준 군사 활동에서와 마찬가지로, 기관의 표준 보안 절차에서는 공식 직함(예를 들어 국무부 관리로 가장함)을 사용하여 근무 중인 중앙정보부 관리가 (첩보) 서비스 대금을 제공하는 일은 금지되어 있습니다. 이는 "그럴싸한 부인"을 고수할 수 있도록 하기 위함이고, 현지 정부에 의해 뭔가 발각될 경우 현지 대사관이 망신당할 위험을 최소화하기 위함입니다. 하지만, (첩보) 대가는 비공식적인 직함으로 위장한 중앙정보부 관리들이 사업가, 학생 또는 은퇴한 사람으로 가장해 지급합니다; 그러한 관리들은 비공식적 직함으로 위장한 체 근무한다고 할 수 있습니다.
또한, 비공식 직함으로 위장한 체 근무하는 관리들은 공식 직함으로 위장한 중앙정보부 관리의 신원을 최대한 보호할 수 있게 모집한 에이전트와의 연락 대부분을 처리합니다. 마찬가지로, 두 종류의 중앙정보부 관리 사이 회합은 가능한 비밀리에 이뤄집니다. 이 모든 것의 목적은 대사관을 보호하는 것이고, 때때는 선전 에이전트들이 그들이 개인 업체로부터 돈을 받고 있다고 믿게 만드는 것입니다.
본부의 선전 전문가들이 (훈련소) 격리동에 있는 우리를 방문하여 그들이 발행하는 엄청난 양의 신문을 꺼내 놓고 전 세계에 선전 지침 자료라며 보여주었습니다. 일부는 현지 쟁점에 국한된 것이고, 나머지는 전 세계에 적용되는 쟁점이었습니다. 선전 전문가와의 대화 결론은 선전 활동은 너무 많은 서류작업이 있기에 우리 몫이 아니라고 우리 대다수를 설득하려는 것이었습니다. 그렇긴 하지만, 선전에서 가장 흥미로운 부분은 분명히 여러 나라에서 발생한 중요한 사건에 대한 처리를 총괄하는 사업이라는 겁니다. 따라서 한 국가 내부 공산주의 영향력의 문제는 "한 국가에 대한 위협은 전체 국가에 대한 위협"이라는 단서(丹書) 하에 타국에도 해당하는 국제적인 우려로 보이게 할 수도 있습니다. 예를 들면 중앙정보부 카라카스 지부는 베네수엘라 비밀 공산주의 음모에 관한 정보를 보고타 지부에 타전할 수 있습니다. 그걸 익명의 베네수엘라 정부 관리의 소행으로 귀속한 체 보고타 현지 선전 에이전트를 통해 "표면화"시킵니다. 그 뒤 해당 정보를 콜롬비아 보도 매체가 수집하여 키토, 리마, 라파즈, 산티아고 중정 지부, 그리고 아마도 브라질에 있는 중앙정보부 지국까지 전달될 것입니다. 며칠 후 이들 지역 신문 사설에 등장하기 시작하면서, 베네수엘라 정부가 해당 공산주의자에 대한 탄압에 나서도록 압력을 가합니다.
흑색선전이건 회색선전이건 그 밖의 용도의 매체를 상대로도 확실히 이러한 선전을 심을 수 있습니다. 일간지 매체뿐만 아니라 책, 잡지, 라디오, 텔레비전, 벽화, 광고 전단, 데칼, 종교 설교, 정치 연설 등을 사용할 수 있습니다. 전단지 또는 벽화가 중요한 매체인 나라에 있는 중앙정보부 지부는 은밀한 인쇄 및 유통 시설뿐만 아니라 벽에 구호를 칠하는 에이전트 팀을 유지하도록 합니다. 자유유럽방송과 자유방송은 미 중앙정보부가 소련 지역을 대상으로 수행한 가장 유명한 회색선전이었습니다.
포와로 탐정의 번역 ©️ 무단복제나 전재를 금지합니다
Media Operations
The CIA'S role in the US propaganda program is determined by the official division of propaganda into three general categories: white, grey and black. White propaganda is that which is openly acknowledged as coming from the US government, e.g. from the US Information Agency (USIA); grey propaganda is ostensibly attributed to people or organizations who do not acknowledge the US government as the source of their material and who produce the material as if it were their own; black propaganda is unattributed material, or it is attributed to a non-existent source, or it is false material attributed to a real source. The CIA is the only US government agency authorized to engage in black propaganda operations, but it shares the responsibility for grey propaganda with other agencies such as USIA. However, according to the 'Grey Law' of the National Security Council contained in one of the NSCID'S, other agencies must obtain prior CIA approval before engaging in grey propaganda.
The vehicles for grey and black propaganda may be unaware of their CIA or US government sponsorship. This is partly so that it can be more effective and partly to keep down the number of people who know what is going on and thus to reduce the danger of exposing true sponsorship. Thus editorialist, politicians, businessmen, and others may produce propaganda, even for money, without necessarily knowing who their masters in the case are. Some among them obviously will and so, in agency terminology, there is a distinction between 'witting' and 'unwitting' agents.
In propaganda operations, as in all other PP activities, standard agency security procedure forbids payment for services rendered to be made by a CIA officer working under official cover (one posing as an official of the Department of State, for instance). This is in order to maintain 'plausible denial' and to minimize the danger of embarrassment to the local embassy if anything is discovered by the local government. However, payment is made by CIA officers under non-official cover, e.g. posing as businessmen, students or as retired people; such officers are said to be working under non-official cover.
Officers working under non-official cover may also handle most of the contacts with the recruited agents in order to keep the officer under official cover as protected as possible. Equally, meetings between the two kinds of officers will be as secret as may be. The object of all this is to protect the embassy and sometimes to make the propaganda agents believe that they are being paid by private businesses.
Headquarters' propaganda experts have visited us in ISOLATION and have displayed the mass of paper they issue as materials for the guidance of propaganda throughout the world. Some of it is concerned only with local issues, the rest often has world-wide application. The result of the talks was to persuade most of us that propaganda is not for us — there is simply too much paperwork. But despite that, the most interesting part of propaganda was obviously the business of orchestrating the treatment of events of importance among several countries. Thus problems of communist influence in one country can be made to appear of international concern in others under the rubric of 'a threat to one is a threat to all'. For example, the CIA station in Caracas can cable information on a secret communist plot in Venezuela to the Bogota station which can 'surface' through a local propaganda agent with attribution to an unidentified Venezuelan government official. The information can then be picked up from the Colombian press and relayed to CIA stations in Quito, Lima, La Paz, Santiago and, perhaps, Brazil. A few days later editorials begin to appear in the newspapers of these places and pressure mounts on the Venezuelan government to take repressive action against its communists.
There are obviously hosts of other uses to which propaganda, both black and grey, can be put, using books, magazines, radio, television, wall-painting, handbills, decals, religious sermons, and political speeches as well as the daily press. In countries where handbills or wall-painting are important media, stations are expected to maintain clandestine printing and distribution facilities as well as teams of agents who paint slogans on walls. Radio Free Europe ‡ (RFE) and Radio Liberty ‡ are the best-known gray-propaganda operations conducted by the CIA against the Soviet bloc.
The CIA'S role in the US propaganda program is determined by the official division of propaganda into three general categories: white, grey and black. White propaganda is that which is openly acknowledged as coming from the US government, e.g. from the US Information Agency (USIA); grey propaganda is ostensibly attributed to people or organizations who do not acknowledge the US government as the source of their material and who produce the material as if it were their own; black propaganda is unattributed material, or it is attributed to a non-existent source, or it is false material attributed to a real source. The CIA is the only US government agency authorized to engage in black propaganda operations, but it shares the responsibility for grey propaganda with other agencies such as USIA. However, according to the 'Grey Law' of the National Security Council contained in one of the NSCID'S, other agencies must obtain prior CIA approval before engaging in grey propaganda.
The vehicles for grey and black propaganda may be unaware of their CIA or US government sponsorship. This is partly so that it can be more effective and partly to keep down the number of people who know what is going on and thus to reduce the danger of exposing true sponsorship. Thus editorialist, politicians, businessmen, and others may produce propaganda, even for money, without necessarily knowing who their masters in the case are. Some among them obviously will and so, in agency terminology, there is a distinction between 'witting' and 'unwitting' agents.
In propaganda operations, as in all other PP activities, standard agency security procedure forbids payment for services rendered to be made by a CIA officer working under official cover (one posing as an official of the Department of State, for instance). This is in order to maintain 'plausible denial' and to minimize the danger of embarrassment to the local embassy if anything is discovered by the local government. However, payment is made by CIA officers under non-official cover, e.g. posing as businessmen, students or as retired people; such officers are said to be working under non-official cover.
Officers working under non-official cover may also handle most of the contacts with the recruited agents in order to keep the officer under official cover as protected as possible. Equally, meetings between the two kinds of officers will be as secret as may be. The object of all this is to protect the embassy and sometimes to make the propaganda agents believe that they are being paid by private businesses.
Headquarters' propaganda experts have visited us in ISOLATION and have displayed the mass of paper they issue as materials for the guidance of propaganda throughout the world. Some of it is concerned only with local issues, the rest often has world-wide application. The result of the talks was to persuade most of us that propaganda is not for us — there is simply too much paperwork. But despite that, the most interesting part of propaganda was obviously the business of orchestrating the treatment of events of importance among several countries. Thus problems of communist influence in one country can be made to appear of international concern in others under the rubric of 'a threat to one is a threat to all'. For example, the CIA station in Caracas can cable information on a secret communist plot in Venezuela to the Bogota station which can 'surface' through a local propaganda agent with attribution to an unidentified Venezuelan government official. The information can then be picked up from the Colombian press and relayed to CIA stations in Quito, Lima, La Paz, Santiago and, perhaps, Brazil. A few days later editorials begin to appear in the newspapers of these places and pressure mounts on the Venezuelan government to take repressive action against its communists.
There are obviously hosts of other uses to which propaganda, both black and grey, can be put, using books, magazines, radio, television, wall-painting, handbills, decals, religious sermons, and political speeches as well as the daily press. In countries where handbills or wall-painting are important media, stations are expected to maintain clandestine printing and distribution facilities as well as teams of agents who paint slogans on walls. Radio Free Europe ‡ (RFE) and Radio Liberty ‡ are the best-known gray-propaganda operations conducted by the CIA against the Soviet bloc.
